AP U.S History Essay

When one reviews American History from 1785-1850, it can be concluded that, â€Å"Americans never learned to add without also dividing†. This is referring to America’s inability to have more land without also having the land divided into sections, whether it be north and south or east and west. For example when the Louisiana Purchase was made, yes it added more land to the U.S, but it also made it so there was another territory that was different than the rest of America. The Missouri Compromise can be an example as well, when they applied to become a state, it was being considered however James Tallmadge Jr. introduced an amendment that created a rift being those who were pro slavery and against it. When you look at American history between 1785-1850, it can be said that America can never add without dividing; this statement is correct in saying that and it can be backed up with the effects of the Louisiana Purchase and the Missouri Compromise, which included divisions of the ideas and people, as examples. You can use the Louisiana Purchase to support the argument because, when it was made, although it added more land to the U.S, it also made it so there was another territory that was different than the rest of America as an after effect. When this purchase was finalized it meant more land for the Americas but unfortunately more division within America. Most cities involved in this purchase, like New Orleans can be used as example. In New Orleans, the population was mostly French or Spanish speakers but the rest of the country spoke English. It was also a Catholic city that was engulfed in a country of Protestants, and even furthermore, the ideas of these people about things like race and sexuality differed than those of the rest of the countries. All of these are examples of how cities involved in the Louisiana Purchase differed from the rest of America and supports that even though it was extra land for America it was also divided by the differences it had with America that kept it separate from America. The Missouri Compromise can be used as an example because when it was made, an amendment was also introduced which required slaves to be freed and not added. This amendment caused an uproar within the southern representatives and senators who were  pro slavery. Which further divided the ideas of slavery, whether it be for or against it. Like the Louisiana Purchase, the Missouri Compromise also shows how America can never add without dividing, because, when Missouri was gained as a state it was also introduced that slavery not be permitted there. This divided those who were in favor of it and those who were against it. Which is an example of America always adding but also dividing. When one reviews American History from 1785-1850, it can be concluded that, â€Å"Americans never learned to add without also dividing†. This is referring to America’s inability to have more land without also having the land divided into sections, whether it be north and south or east and west or pro and against. When you look at American history between 1785-1850, it can be said that America can never add without dividing; this statement is correct in saying that and it can be backed up with the effects of the Louisiana Purchase and the Missouri Compromise, which included divisions of the ideas and people, as examples. When the Louisiana Purchase is an example that supports this because land was acquired but divisions was made between them and the rest of America keeping it from being on country under one idea. The Missouri Compromise can be an example as well because when acquired as a state, Tallmadge Jr. introduced an amendment that created a rift being those who we re pro slavery and against it.

Relapse Prevention Plan Essay

Jed, a 38 – year old welder, enrolled in the treatment center after his arrest resulting from drunken driving (DUI/DWI) (National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, n.d.). His lawyer has advised him to stop drinking and get treatment until his trial date, which is in approximate two months. Jed does not believe that he will serve any jail time, but feels that treatment could help strengthen his court case (National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, n.d.). In this paper, I will create a relapse prevention plan that will aid Jed as he enters into his treatment program. This paper will also show ways to identify the warning signs of relapse. A relapse begins long before the person actually picks up a drink or drug (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA)-Department of Health and Human Services, 2007). Most proficient gradual warning signs that revive denial and result into intense pain calls for self-medication with alcohol or other drugs or both which is basically a noble idea. It is not a conscious task. The warning signs in this case are known to develop spontaneously and instinctively. Owing to that fact that not many recovering people are always taught on the best ways to recognize and mange relapse warning signs, they are not able to identify them up to the point when they start feeling unbearable pain. Step 1: Stabilization Relapse prevention planning will most probably not work if the relapser is not sober and in control of himself (Addiction in women, 2010). Detoxification and sobriety are very vital for the relapse prevention plan to work successfully. Having in mind that most people who relapse are toxic, even if they are sober, it will still be very difficult for them to think clearly remember things and manage their emotions. The symptoms would worsen in any case the person gets isolated from the society or when he undergoes stress. It is advisable to move slowly and focus on the basics and in this case, the question here should be â€Å"What is it that you need to do to avoid drinking today?† Step 2: Assessment This step aims at identifying the progressive pattern of problems that did result into the past relapses and then find solutions to the pain resulting from such problems. This would be accompanied by the reconstruction of the current problems, the alcohol and substance use history, life history and retrieval relapse history. Through the reconstruction and presentation of problems, the now and here issues that stand to cause immediate threat to sobriety can be pinpointed and crisis plans developed to resolve such issues. Step 3: Relapse Education Relapsers have to be familiar with the relapse process and the best ways to manage it. Involving the family and other sponsors is a great idea. The education should strive to emphasize four main messages: First, relapse is an ordinary and a natural process in the recovery out of the chemical dependence. One should not be ashamed of it like in the case of Jed who â€Å"gets jumpy† when he tries to stay away from drinking, feeling â€Å"closed in or like he is suffocating†. He also cannot imagine how to explain to his buddies why he is not joining them in the bars. Secondly, people are not all of a sudden taken drunk. There are gradual warning sign patterns that indicate they are slowly cropping in again. Such signs can only be recognized when one is sober. Thirdly, after they are identified, the recovering individuals can get to learn how to manage such relapse warning signs when sober. And the last one is that hope is real. Jed once attended a few AA meetings, but did not feel that AA was helpful: â€Å"It was listening to a lot of guys whining†¦.† This should and will most likely change if he attends a lecture that describes the typical warning signs that precede relapse to chemical use. Step 4: Warning Sign Identification Relapsers should be able to determine the problems that resulted into relapse. The main objective here is to list personal warning signs that made them move from a state of stable recovery all the way back to chemical  use. There is hardly ever just a single warning sign. Ordinarily a series of warning signs develop one after the other to create relapse. The cumulative effect is what wears them down. The ultimate warning sign is basically last blow. Regrettably most relapsers think it is the last warning sign that caused it all. For this reason, they tend to assume the early and more delicate warning signs that leads to the final disaster. Step 5: Follow-up The warning signs are unbound to change with progress in recovery (Field, Caetano, Harris, Frankowski & Roudsari, 2009). Each of the stages involved in the recovery process has distinctive warning signs. The ability to deal with the warning signs of one stage of recovery does not warranty that one will know how to manage the warning signs of the next stage. The relapse prevention plan therefore has to be updated more often which should be; monthly for the first three months, quarterly for the first two years, and annually thereafter. Call now for immediate relapse prevention help. References Addiction in women., (2010). Harvard Mental Health Letter, 26(7), 1–3. Field, C. A., Caetano, R., Harris, T. R., Frankowski, R., and Roudsari, B., (2009). Ethnic differences in drinking outcomes following a brief alcohol intervention in the trauma care setting. Society for the Study of Addiction, 105, 62–73. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. (n.d.). Case examples. Retrieved March 28, 2010, from http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/Social/Teaching%20Case%20Examples/Case%20Examples.html Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA)-Department of Health and Human Services, (2007). Retrieved October 31, 2010 from http://www.oas.samhsa.gov/nsduh/2k7nsduh/2k7results.cfm#2.7 Category: Essay Alcoholic Anonymous. (2014). About AA meetings [Newsgroup comment]. Retrieved from http://www.aa.org.au/new-to-aa/about-aa-meetings.php Capuzzi, D., & Stauffer, M. D. (2012). Foundations of addiction counseling (2nd ed.). http://dx.doi.org/1009-0001-1763-00001764 National Institute on Alcohol

Indian Telecom Sector Employability Skills

( Employability Skills for Indian Mobile Phones Telecom Sector First Author: Rishi Kapal, BE, LLB, PGPM (Vice President-Sony Mobile Communications, India) Abstract It may not known to many that after Alexander Graham bell invented the first telephone, Motorola’s Martin Cooper is understood to have created the first mobile phone, followed by IBM-Bellsouth making the first Smartphone. However, in the present day, not much is heard about the companies that pioneered the mobile and Smartphones revolution.Indian telecom sector story is only getting better by the day, however, the growth sustenance and leveraging technology for better use in only possible if our population could be transformed to a real productive employment asset. In this paper, the important aspect of employability in Indian telecom Sector will be highlighted INTRODUCTION Indian telecom industry underwent a high pace of market liberalization and growth since 1990s and now has become the world's most competitive an d one of the fastest growing telecom markets.The Industry has grown over twenty times in just ten years, from under 37 million subscribers in the year 2001 to over 846 million subscribers in the year 2011. India has the  world's second-largest  mobile phone user base with over 929. 37 million users as of May 2012. It has the  world's third-largest  Internet user-base with over 137 million as of June 2012. [pic] THE RISE OF INDIA MOBILE PHONES INDUSTRY The explosion of mobile phones sector is attributed to the following three factors: 1. Opening up of new technology 2. Convergence of computing and telephony 3. Mobile Phones EnablementOPENING UP OF NEW WIRELESS TECHNNOLOGY Till 2010, India was a pure-play GSM and CDMA technology driven country whereas rest of the world had moved to 3G(HSPA+) and few advanced nations(like Japan) already launching LTE(Long Term Evolution) high speed wireless technologies. Post the 3G and BWA auctions in India, the wireless technology landscape s tarted changing and alongside it brought the need for differently (enhanced) skilled professionals to handle new technology and associated devices. A brief snapshot of the wireless technologies deployed in India is below: [pic]India today is on the forefront of telecom services and related content. This changes the way the telecom products are conceptualized, priced, launched and their life cycle is managed. Not much of this is known to the budding leaders during their academic orientations. CONVERGENCE OF COMPUTING AND TELEPHONY In today’s world, computers are used to make voice calls (Gtalk, Skype) and phones are used for data access. So each device has evolved from its original function and become multi tasked. This convergence of devices ecosystem is happening due to the following:For most time in computing technology, microprocessors were traditionally associated with computers and other IT related products. However, since the last two years, phones are also sold based o n the GHZ speed of processor that makes them run, various related aspects like single core, dual core and quad core processors. Now, this has brought about a major shift in consumer behavior whereby a buyer actually decides about a phone not just by looks and geeks but begins with the processor strengths and data speeds supported.This all comes with perceived compromise on battery life however the mobile phones processor manufacturers are fast gaining ground in terms of optimizing battery life for higher processor power. MOBILE PHONES ENABLEMENT A natural question about why is the mobile phone industry growing at a strong pace is obvious. Firstly, India is now moving to be a strong mobile replacement market. The mobile sales ratio is skewed to replacement buyers as compared to first term buyers as per industry sources. Hence there is a two-fold demand now.Alongside, mobile phones have become the first internet access device for the youth and hence the mobile internet penetration mom entum is making up the volume. Lastly, a mobile phone is no longer a luxury and is affordable by anyone, at a cost as low as $15. All these factors are leading to a strong growth in mobile phone sales. MOBILE PHONES DISTRUBUTION SYSTEM Let us now examine the mobile phones sales and distribution systems to better understand the required skills that need to be acquired by professionals aspiring to work in this sector. [pic]The firs layer does product sell-in to the second layer which in-turn works for shop level product placement and sales. The final sales to end customer is referred to as Sell thru. The mobile distribution model is extremely dynamic and need of the hour may change regularly due to competitive launches and initiatives. Each product has its own merits, positioning and technological implications. Traditional models of distribution don’t always work in realms of the mobile words due to the amount of need-of-the-hour and flexibility mechanisms required to be adopte d. EMPLOYABILITY SKILLS FOR THE MOBILE SECTORROI : Relationship, Ownership, Initiative †¢ Relationship: mobile phone industry is too diverse and needs one on one relationship mapping with the ecosystem stakeholders in product development and distribution. The †¢ Ownership: professionals without adequacy of understanding of ownership will not cut it into the telecom †¢ Initiative: India is a distribution led mobile market, unlike the mature markets like US where wireless operators dominate mobile phones sales channel. Every skilled professional aspiring for working in the Indian telecom sector needs to have self initiative to innovate reach and execution.Alongside the above, the professionals must understand that the mobile phones propositions are undergoing a change: VRS (Value, Range, Service) †¢ Value : value proposition to the customers is fast changing with the advent of Smartphones †¢ Range: Customer associated with brands that have a range(portfolio) a nd not one off products(iPhone is an exception) †¢ Service: Post sales support for sophisticated devices has become a strong reason to buy. As per the nationwide study conducted by MeriTrac, of marks secured by 2264 MBAs who sat for tests by recruiting companies, only 21% were found to be actually employable.The latest figures show a sharp decline – the last such survey done in 2007 placed employability at 25%. Drawn from over 100 B-Schools beyond the Top 25 in the country, the students who were covered by the survey were tested for verbal ability, quantitative ability and reasoning. This despite the fact that more and more B-schools are mushrooming across the country churning out hundreds upon thousands of freshly-minted MBAs every year. There are other cornerstones of employability skills required in the mobile sector that are influenced by †¢ Consumer purchase behavior †¢ Mobiles Operating System CONSUMER PURCHASE BEHAVIOR [pic]The above purchase behaviors d ictate a different skill set required in professionals dealing with individual or a mix of groups above. A person aspiring to work in the mobile sector must know the purchase behavior intricacies that are closely linked to the technology supported by the phones. MOBILE OPERATING SYSTEMS There are few dominant mobile operating systems viz Android, iOS, Symbian and RIM OS that are most dominant in India. Windows is a fast emerging ecosystem supported by Microsoft and Nokia. A professional must know the advantages of each OS so that the right strategy of product and marketing management can evolve.The strength and diversity of operating system is also ensuring that a mobile phone becomes much more than a mere communication device. It now is a gadget that effects and influences one’s lifestyle, something no one can deny or ignore. [pic][pic] A mobile phone does off jobs of a compass, mirror and a rattler as well. These contemporary, un-orthodox applications are becoming a reason to inquire and buying a phone by many. SUMMARY Indian telecom sector will provide employment to around one crore people by 2012, a study by PwC has said.The telecom industry will provide about 28 lakh direct jobs and around 70 indirect jobs by 2012, the study commissioned by the Cellular Operators Association of India (COAI) and done by PwC said. While the above aspiration is good to have however the industry is able to attract talent but struggling to get the right one. The employability skills required for mobile sector include a thorough understanding of mobile phones technology, various operating systems, consumer purchase behavior, OEM to Market distribution model and multi screen convergence.There are too many mobbing parts in the Indian mobile phone industry and the same are not evidently addressed as a subject matter in various institutions. It is important for colleges to step up and recognize that lack of employability skills for the telecom and especially mobile phone sec tor leaves the new industry entrants in a very awkward and â€Å" I don’t know much† state of mind. This can definitely be changed with institutions opening up their gates to industry professionals and to consulting companies specializing in transition of classrooms to telecom corporates.Steadily, now certain learning and development organizations are evolving that dedicatedly focus on transition programs for students, aimed at the telecom and mobile phones sector. Organizations like MindActiv Consulting (www. mindactiv. co. in) are pioneering in this critical requirement and having the right industry resources at their disposal. Strong and structured programs by MindActiv and such organizations are going to be much more required in the immediate future when the push back for better employable andidates will come from the telecom industry itself. References: 1. The Indian Telecom Services Performance Indicators June 2012, TRAI 2. Economic Times Article August 2011: Tel ecom sector to provide 1 crore jobs by 2012: Study 3. Times of India, August 7, 2012: Only 21% MBAs in India employable: Survey 4. Industry sources About the author: Rishi Kapal completed his schooling from Delhi Public School, RK Puram in 1989. This was followed by a degree in Electronics Engineering in 1993 from Shivaji university.He started his career with HCL in 1993 and during his ongoing career span of 19+ years, has worked with coveted organizations like Tata Telecom, Ericsson, Castrol, Sony Ericsson and Qualcomm to name a few. Presently, Rishi is a Vice President with Sony Mobile Communications. During his professional tenure, Rishi completed his PGPM from International Management Institute and LLB from CCS University. Rishi is passionate about instilling employability skills in the budding new leadership generation and is closely associated with the academia sector for guest lectures and grooming students for their first corporate interface.He has a strong knowledge of mana gement practices required in students pursuing graduate and post graduate courses and has prepared specific training and orientation modules for employability skills enhancement in students. ———————– The total revenue of the Indian telecom sector grew by 7% to  [pic]283,207  crore  (US$53. 53 billion)  for 2010–11 financial year, while revenues from telecom equipment segment stood at  [pic]117,039  crore  (US$22. 12 billion).The depicted increase in telecom penetration has been facilitated with a strong and every growing mobile phone industry, reaching an unprecedented proportion of more than 12Million handsets sold in India every month. IOIP: Most popular, individual pays for the phone and owns it IOCP: Individual owns the phone, paid by the company COCP: Company purchases and provide the phone to employees LTE TDD and HSPA+ is already launched in India. The country is now neck to neck with the world on av ailability of latest wireless technologies.Alongside, consumers are much more aware of the broadband phenomenon and the benefits this advent can deliver. The access device for the new technologies has to be a mobile phone since other consumer equipments are bulky and more appropriate for inhouse only. With this evolution, the need for skilled workforce in technology, strategy, sales, marketing and operations and much more diverse and unique as compared to that exists today. The Indian handset market is growing consistently with a rate of over 12% annually, of which the Smartphones base is expected to grow at a rate of over 60% year of year.The advent of operating systems like Android along-with new broadband wireless internet access technologies is opening up the mobile phones space in India. The OEM (Original Equipment Manufacturer) works on three retail engagement models: †¢ Master national distributor: imports the products and then associated with regional partners for place ment and sales †¢ Direct Billing: to exclusive stores and conglomerates of high importance †¢ Entrepreneurial Regional partners: Distributors with strong regional command and those who want to deal directly with the company.With the changing shape of Indian telecom sector and need for the skilled population to keep up with the industry resources requirement, there are six dimensions of employability skills that the professionals must have in order to leap into the telecom sector. Each of these dimensions is unique in terms of the capability build up required in professionals, especially graduates and post graduates. Mobile phone industry is part of a unique eco system and must be studied and imbibed from close quarters.

Lisa Benton †Analysis Essay

It is often said that a ‘First impression is the Final Impression’ (AJS, 2013). Unfortunately, this did not turn out well for Lisa Benton, a Harvard Business School grad, who had to face this ordeal from her manager and her co-worker at her new job. How did she get into this mess? Could she have done something differently? To begin with, I feel the biggest mistake Lisa made was turn down the offer from Right-Away. According to me, ‘A known enemy is always better than an unknown friend’. Lisa was liked at Right-Away and was well acquainted with everyone there, furthermore she had a good relationship with Kingston, and this would have helped her rise higher sooner. Next, before beginning work at Houseworld, Lisa should have enquired with HR as to who her reporting Manager would be. This is essential and she could have spoken to employees who worked under Linton and got their feedback on Linton and based on this feedback could have requested HR for another project/manager. On her second day, Lisa had questions for Linton but when she noticed Linton and Scoville in an intimate meeting she left and eventually asked the questions to Scoville. Over a period of time, Lisa sought answers only from Scoville and not from Linton, thus adding a kind of a barrier between her and Linton. A very vital point was that Lisa was not assertive enough. This is well indicated by the delayed lunch meetings between her and Linton, when they were to discuss her objectives. In addition, there were several assumptions made between Lisa and Linton when it came to the meetings. Lisa assumed, she should be in a ‘learner’ mode, but the feedback given to her was that she was too quiet during the meetings. Lisa should have identified her responsibilities for the meetings beforehand. There were a few occasions on which Scoville’s behavior could be questioned for instance when he would yell at Lisa. Also, his condescending nature would make Lisa uncomfortable. However, instead of tolerating this, Lisa should have reported this to HR, who could have dealt with Scoville in an appropriate manner. Lisa would always make references to Right-Away and the work she did there, such as â€Å"At Right-Away I would†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , this could have been avoided completely, Lisa is no longer at Right-Away and these references are not needed. As already mentioned, Lisa relied too much on Scoville, thus giving him more power. (Ancona, 3rd Ed) In certain cases, this could have worked as by giving more power to people like Scoville is one way to control them, but for her this approach failed. Finally, when  Vernon asked Lisa, if she was happy with her job, Lisa should have been honest and told him her problems, after all everyone is working for the organization and its’ success. Lisa could maintain good relationships, this was clear from the relationships she had with her other colleagues; however the Lisa-Linton-Scoville relationship had many areas for improvement. What she should do now? The first option Lisa has is to call up Kingston at Right-Away, admit that she made a mistake and request them to rehire her. Kingston spoke highly of Lisa and Lisa had a good relationship with her co-workers at Right-Away, furthermore she would be promoted to VP in a few years and the pay at Right-Away is much better than Houseworld. The next option is to speak to Vernon and HR regarding a change in her project and division at Houseworld. This would alienate her from everyone and will cause a negative effect on her chances of a promotion at Houseworld, as Lisa would be known as someone who cannot resolve conflicts. The final option and the one I would recommend would be to continue working in the same team and resolve all differences with Linton and Scoville out of the office and have a fresh new start. Unfortunately Linton is not the best of trainers and when Lisa does change her role after 12 months as this was the case with Houseworld, she will have to put in more effort to make up for the lost training. This was the case colleague who used to report to Linton earlier. However, this would be a great learning curve for Lisa in her career on ‘How not to be a Bad Manager’. Conflict resolution plays a vital role in managing projects and if Lisa demonstrates this, it will do laurels for her career later on. References: American Journal of Sociology – The University of Chicago Press – 2013 Managing for the Future – Anocona, Kochan,Scully – 3rd Edition

Organizational Chart Essay

Staff Training Crew Crew Members Crew Members Website Designers Website Designers Delivery Staff Delivery Staff Customer Service Customer Service Cleaners Cleaners An organisational chart shows the main parts of the organisation, and the relationship between the various parts. McDonalds’ organisational chart is hierarchal. It’s also tall because it has more than 3 levels. The reason why this is a tall structure is because McDonald’s is a big company with restaurants all over the world, so they need people in every country to make sure that the businesses is making profit and progress. Organisational structure Organisational structure set out important aspects of how communication will take place. For example: managers, supervisors and assistants would report to senior managers where they would report to board of directors. Also board of directors sets out the strategy, then senior managers are giving targets to staff that works in McDonald’s so they can achieve them. The purpose of organisational structure is to share the work so everyone knows what they are doing and to establish lines of control and communication. McDonald’s divided people into: managers, team leaders, staff training crew, cleaners, customer service, restaurant manager, etc. It helps to control organisational activities. Types of organisational structure: * Geographical area: McDonald’s has its restaurants all over the world. In order to make it work they had to hire people to run the business in every country that they operate. * Function: Span of control Span control is the amount of employees a manager has direct line authority over. Organisational chart- MacMillan Cancer Support

Why more and more college students are taking online classes Essay

Why more and more college students are taking online classes - Essay Example Most of the students use to take online classes when they faced difficulty in scheduling the needed classes due to their busy routines of being full time workers, older, married or having responsibilities of children and other family members (Pearson Foundation, 2010). Students sometimes also failed to get enrolled due to overbooked or closed session and then take online classes. It is due to wide array of benefits associated with online courses that the college students are widely turning towards online classes. Online classes offer high level of flexibility and it became easily possible for the students to schedule their classes from their homes or any other place when they get time to spend on the studies. Like real colleges, they don’t have to take time for going colleges neither they have to think about travelling towards college to avoid missing the class at specific time (Schworm, 2008). The college students are also widely taking online classes due to the availability of wide array of options regarding the selection of courses, subjects, diplomas and degree programs. They have many choices in front of them and can choose any one of their interest regardless of physical presence of the college near their place. The online classes often offer lower tuition rates as compared with the fee of many traditional colleges. The students don’t have to spend on buying text books because most of the online classes do not require students to buy books but they provide material through EBooks or other online resources like downloadable lectures, notes, assignments and reading material etc. In the way the overall expenses of the studies became lower and it became easy for the students to manage their studies with even lower budgets (Schworm, 2008). Online classes allow choosing the study timing according to the convenience. The college students can easily plan

The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children Essay

The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children - Essay Example The WISC-III was standardized on a representative sample in North America based on U.S.A. census data for 1988 (N = 2,200) (Canivez, Neitzel, & Martin, 2005). The sample was stratified across age, gender, ethnicity, geographical region, parental occupation, and urban-rural residency (Kaplan & Saccuzzo, 2001). A four-factor model of index score is widely supported (i.e., Verbal Comprehension, Perceptual Organization, Freedom from Distractibility, and Processing Speed) (Canivez, Neitzel, & Martin, 2005). The WISC-III has high internal consistency for all three IQ scores and the four factors, ranging from .80 to .97 (Canivez, Neitzel, & Martin, 2005; Kaplan & Saccuzzo, 2001). This reflects the 11 subtests (Symbol Search and Coding excluded) reported moderate to excellent internal consistencies, of .61 to .92 (Kaplan & Saccuzzo, 2001). Split-half reliabilities for the three IQs in 1991 were found to be .96 (FSIQ), .95 (VIQ), and .91 (PIQ) (Kaplan & Saccuzzo, 2001). Standard errors of measurement for FISQ, VIQ and PIQ average at 3.20, 3.53, and 4.54 respectively (Kaplan & Saccuzzo, 2001).

Case IH AFS percision Farming Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Case IH AFS percision Farming - Essay Example The AFS is defined by a clear-cut product range illustrated by its business portfolio, which includes; planting, field performer and harvesting solutions. Mechanization and innovation in agriculture aimed at enhancing agricultural processes and output within the constraints of natural and human resources have reached their peak within the context of attention given by Case IH. Making a grand entry in to the market in the modern day competition and expansion of agricultural technologies makes it an important strategy for Case IH to protract commercial production and marketing of its products in order to ensure sustained growth and productivity. In this discourse, marketing strategies and processes at Case IH in making its AFS product range a market success is enumerated in a number of perspectives. Product development at Case IH has been going on since its inception in 1842 giving a long experience extending to over a century and a half. This implies that the marketing mix at the corporation is one of the most complete in the market today, having observed agricultural needs change to the levels that they are in currently. Perhaps what defines this experience is the perfect product mix that the farmer enjoys upon making purchases at its outlets worldwide. Several products designed for the enhanced production are made available in over 160 countries of distribution (Case IH, 2011). Product research mix as mentioned before offers the solution to making the marketing strategy at Case IH as responsive to agricultural needs as it is amid the witnessed climatic changes. Case IH has been able to create a unique market niche that accurately handles small scale and large scale farm needs. Among the features of this market, coverage is the wide array of farm equipment, machinery, implements, and computer software that enable the modern farmer at any level of operation to be in need of their products (CNH, 2009). Brand image is not an

Contracts Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Contracts Law - Essay Example If this happens, it implies that the contact is executed. However, this is not usually the case. Many are times when one of the parties to contract does not fully commit themselves to the ultimate execution of the contract, prompting the other party to do away with it. In essence, such a contract becomes voidable. Moreover, the failure by one of the parties to the execution of a contact breaches it. In this regards, any contract, whose terms have been infringed by either of the parties, is eligible for legal settlement. Thus, courts are mandated to settle contract disputes. In so doing, the court may impose various remedies. Such remedies include but are not inclined to: cancelling the contact, specific performance, punishments as well as damages of various forms. There exist a profusion of cases where courts have settled contact disputes. To begin with, a celebrity artiste named Bruno Mars (whose real name is Peter Hernandez) sought a court intervention in a contract dispute with his publishing company. In this case, the publishing company had declined to let go of Mars on the grounds that he had not yet fully executed the terms of their contract. The next case involves Garland Coal who entered into a contract with Peevyhouse, allowing them to mine coal on Peevyhouse’s land with the agreement that they would restore it on the completion of the mining activities. On the contrary, Garland Coal left the land without rejuvenating it as agreed. This prompted Peevyhouse to sue Garland seeking damages of $25,000. Instead, the jury granted $5,000 to Peevyhouse instigating Garland to appeal in turn. From the holding and the ultimate ruling if the case, it is apparent that, as much courts are obliged to solve disputes arising from failure to fully execute a contract, they are bound to enforce the contract exclusively as it is. That is to say, the law has no intention to ameliorate a contract in any way. The enforcement of the

Explaining a Concept Research Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Explaining a Concept Research Paper - Essay Example The act of illegal immigration is increasingly becoming common in the United States and the authorities this has rang an alarm to the natives concerning the overwhelming presence of aliens in the country (Kimmel and Alan 54). The controversy with the situation is that others are of the opinion that most of those who are in the US illegally do no pose any threat to the people and it should not be blown out of proportion that they compromise the security situation in the country. This has sparked a heated debate on whether the stay is actually against the law or not, even with the spirited debate, there are stringent policies that guides entry into the US and those found without a legal document that backs their stay in the US are charged in the courts of law. How the illegal immigrant come to the US Just like any other country, for one to get immigration to the US legally, there are processes to follow, these processes constitutes quotas that will review the individual applications to allow one to go to the US or decline it because of factors that they always cite. For one to be cleared then, it means they have passed all the criteria that are set by the country, in this particular case the US. Some of the factors that are considered include reason for the visit to US. The immigration department is always very particular about the reason as to why some one want s to go to the US and will evaluate the sustainability of the reason to keep you in the US among other things before you can be given a green like to make your visit. Getting US citizenship is through the greed card, this is the sure way by which those who are want to be legal citizen of the US from alien places can consider. The problem with the green card is that most of the people are considering going to the US as citizen that the green card alone cannot grant all of them a chance given the limited number of the slots (Kimmel and Alan 59). It therefore means that most of the people who has the wish to go to the US cannot make it on competitive grounds and have to look for other option available. The fact that greed card is competitive and not all the people can be served by it, that situation has made it possible for these unqualified persons to be in the US illegally. Given the competitiveness of the green card, most of the applicant who does not succeed opts for the temporary visas to be in the US after which they get a job with the temporary visa and eventually apply for the green card. The concept of illegal immigrant in the US is totally misunderstood, people tend to think that when we are talking about illegal entry into the US we are referring to a number of people who have hid themselves behind the big tracks at the borders of the US to get into the country illegally. The picture of how illegally people are accessing the US according to most people is that in which one is hiding or using other faulty means to get into the country, this is not the case. Actually, in the r eal sense, most of the US illegal immigrants use a legal system initially to go to the US. In most cases, these people use the temporary document to go to the US, they obtain temporary work visas, and sometimes it is the touring visas. The problem is that they do this under disguise; their actual intention is not to return to their home country but to stay in the US for unforeseeable period. In this relation, most of the people

Effective leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Effective leadership - Essay Example Discussion Lincoln’s Presidency is remembered for the American Civil War and the abolition of slavery, a goal for which he himself unfortunately had to pay the ultimate price of losing his life at the hands of John Wilkes Booth, a Confederate supporter. Yet Lincoln’s commonsense and well thought out approach to leadership makes us look at his life and principles again and again. He was a man who truly practiced what he preached. His undying and concerted efforts not only won the war for the Union but he also led from the front, marshalling and advising his forces and generals, while raising support and winning over the common man to the cause of freedom and equality for all, one of the principal features of our constitution and the American way of life, where each is free to do as he likes in the pursuit of happiness for the collective good of all. The author has very cleverly structured the book into four sections: People, Character, Endeavour and Communication. Abraha m Lincoln’s way of dealing with people was rather unique, and as the author puts it, he may have been one of the earliest leaders to advocate and follow the principle of Management by Wandering Around, as later defined by Peters and Waterman in their bestseller ‘In Search of Excellence’. Lincoln believed in getting out of his office and circulating among the troops (Phillips, 14). Of course, where he could not do it in person, his messages of encouragement and comfort were instrumental in raising the troops’ morale and winning over many a man to his cause. During the four year Civil War, Lincoln spent a lot of time with the War Office, the Army and the Navy, inspecting troops and weaponry and noting their capabilities. He wanted the latest information at all times and is even known to be one of the only Presidents that came under enemy fire in a war situation. Lincoln walked across to his Secretary of State Edwin M. Stanton’s office every day to get the latest on the war situation. Besides having his weekly meetings at the set times and locations, Lincoln was often known to call extempore sessions of his cabinet and advisors as the need arose. Rather than lock himself away in an ivory tower, Lincoln loved to roam among the people. He would make himself accessible to most people almost 75% of the time, and believed that these ‘public opinion baths’ were necessary to gain the support of people as well as make himself a visible leader while garnering the thoughts and opinions of the populace. He favored as little security and protocol as possible, believing that a true and righteous leader had nothing to fear. Lincoln was also known to be an approachable leader with an efficacious, amicable style. He had an open door policy with all men reporting to him and wished to be visible and available to them. In the chapter Build Strong Alliances, the author wants to show us how the President used his wit, charm, communicatio n and oratory skills to win not only Court arguments while in his practice at Springfield but also to opponents and people on the sidelines regarding the slavery issue. Lincoln was full of wisecracks, anecdotes and stories that would help in winning men over to the cause of emancipation. Another of Lincoln’s erudite principles of leadership was Persuade Rather than Coerce (Phillips, 39). Lincoln

Successfully managing this project of building the new club Essay

Successfully managing this project of building the new club - Essay Example Then I would appoint sub project managers to supervise these sub projects. These sub project managers would be well versed with their area of concern. Once the sub projects have been identified, it is time to move to the project planning phase. The activities and tasks involved in the sub projects would be highlighted and then scheduled. Civil works would include laying the foundation of water heaters; different health fitness machines and HVAC equipments. Civil structure and finishing for the cinema Hall and the swimming pool are also included under this sub project. Other civil tasks which have to be done before any other sub project is initiated include trenching for laying of utilities lines such as electrical cables, hot water, and cold water piping and drainage lines. Numerous activities shall be associated with the sub- project Electrical Works. For instance installation and erection of electrical sub station, laying down cables, installation of Motor Control Centers, installation and commissioning of instrumentation and electrical works. Some activities shall be specific to a particular system. For example the swimming pool system shall include filing pumps, vacuum pumps, filters, underwater lights, jumping board etc. Ob Obviously while constructing the cinema hall we will have to keep several factors in mind like avoiding reverberations, good quality audio and stereo system. Therefore another project to be added to our list of sub projects would be the Cinema Hall Sub Project. Here various tasks specific to the construction of the cinema hall, like the installation of acoustic system, sound system, HVAC system and fire alarm and fighting system would be carried out. After all I do not want the club users to be complaining about poor sound quality and bad air conditioning. Last but no the least is the Mechanical and Plumbing Works Sub Project. This would further be broken down into different parts like operation of water heaters, installation of plumbing systems with fittings, installation of fitness machines and the HVAC system. The significance of the work breakdown structure is emphasized in some articles. "In a hectic business environment, project fundamentals such as scope definition and the Wor k Breakdown Structure often take a backseat to a "just get going" mentality.(Wright,C.,2007) Once I have defined the Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) as above, I would move unto the planning phase. The project planning matrices would help me here. Three components, which can be controlled and measured using this plan, time, cost and resources, are drawn in triangular form whereby an imbalance in one shall have an impact on the other two. Another tool would be the project planning cycle. The project is first planned, then executed, then monitored and then reviewed. If there are some flaws detected during the review phase then the cycle is repeated again otherwise we move towards the project closure phase. Planning software's would also prove beneficial in the planning phase. Project planning beings with the time plan. Therefore I would first schedule the sub projects. According to some sources" This project schedule will

Unfair Dismissal and Redundancy Outline Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Unfair Dismissal and Redundancy - Outline Example This includes drug abuse, disclosure of confidential information, theft, violence, unauthorised absence and breach of contract among others. Redundancy is also a ground for fair dismissal when conducted in a fair manner. The recent global financial crisis places much focus on redundancy; hence, the issue is detailed later as an independent topic. The fourth reason upon which the fairness of a dismissal rests is statutory restriction, where the employer would be in contravention of a statutory provision if the employment continues. The considerations for this ground include situations where a breach of immigration rules may occur, loss of a driving license and presence of a criminal record among others. The fairness of a dismissal may also be argued based on â€Å"some other substantial reason† (s.98 Employment Rights Act (ERA) 1996) due to the impossibility of capturing all grounds under the law. Here, examples include conflict of personalities and relationship breakdowns, res istance to necessary changes in employment terms and legitimate commercial reasons among others. A valuable consideration which arises here is the reasonableness of the dismissal, where the law expects the employer to act reasonably at all times. Automatically Unfair Dismissals Certain circumstances qualify a dismissal as unfair without question according to the law. These include unlawful discrimination; for having asserted a statutory right; when an employee raises issues of health and safety; whistle-blowing; trade union activities/membership; pregnancy, maternity or childbirth; working time regulations; National Minimum Wage; and information and consultation rights. Redundancy The recent global financial downturn... This essay discusses that one of the most significant considerations in the fairness of a dismissal is the legal definition of an employee. An employee is one who has entered into, or works under a contract of employment. The law also requires sufficiency of service as proof of being an employee; one must have worked continuously for over a year to qualify as an employee. The next aspect that needs definition is dismissal itself, with the importance of defining the term exemplified by the Futty v D & D Brekkes 1974. Legally, a dismissal takes place on three occasions; first, when the employer terminates employment with or without notice; secondly, when the employee resigns with or without notice and where the employer constructively dismisses them; and lastly, when the employer does not renew a fixed term contract. Hence, independent resignation, mutual contractual termination and operation of law in termination do not qualify as dismissals under the law. Certain circumstances qualif y a dismissal as unfair without question according to the law. These include unlawful discrimination; for having asserted a statutory right; when an employee raises issues of health and safety; whistle-blowing; trade union activities/membership; pregnancy, maternity or childbirth; working time regulations; National Minimum Wage; and information and consultation rights. The recent global financial downturn saw many employees around the world dismissed on one particular ground; redundancy.

Benner practice analysis paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Benner practice analysis paper - Essay Example This paper will, therefore, discuss the function of caring in nursing and responsibilities of caregivers. Benner's Model emphasizes a differentiated practice that promotes achievements through a systematic progression. The paper will apply Benner’s model and Dreyfus’ model to reflect on my nursing profession. The paper will focus on appreciation of value through self-empowerment and professional relationships and networks. Functions of Caring In Nursing Caring Caring is the fundamental aspect of nursing. However, there is a slight variation in the mode and length of caring hence, the requirement for specialized training and experience. Throughout my practice, I have acquired relevant skills and experience that I find useful in my practice. Comforting and giving hope to patients is my first priority. Some of the health issue such as terminal illness, old age, some mental disorders, and physical disabilities cannot be solved through medication. In addition, some of the co nditions take long time to be treated. In both situations, the patients have the right to receive care and dignity while undergoing treatment and therapies. Continued practice has enabled me to acquire specialized skills in comforting patients. Firstly, I always let the patient to know that they are worth living and acknowledge that they are not the only people with such problems. Thus, my basic approach in care giving is helping patients to rebuild their self-esteem. I achieve the objective by assisting the patient to re-discover themselves besides their immediate condition. Self-discovery enables the patient to determine their value and reason for life. Teaching and Coaching The second aspect of caring is a trainer or a teacher to the patient. As a skillful caregiver, I have realized that the wellbeing of a patient is dependent on the decisions made by the caregiver. In addition, patients rely on the nurse as their sole source of information and instruction. Being a caregiver requ ires you to be a role model and a point of reference. For instance, you cannot take a patient through regular exercise while you are not willing or able to exercise. Throughout my practice, I have successfully encouraged my patents to comply with the prescribed therapy. I have also been successful in promoting healthy lifestyles among the patients. Lastly, I am always considerate about the information that I pass to the clients through effective communication and interpretations. Counseling As a caregiver, I am also expected to be a counselor. This is useful in helping the patients to cope with stressful psychological or social issues arising from their condition. Experience in nursing has enabled me to acquire useful tactics to help patients cope with stressful situations. Firstly, I am concerned about offering intellectual and psychological support to the clients. Empowering clients through intellectual and psychological support enables the clients regain control over their lives. I also have outstanding skills in offering psychological support to my clients. I consider myself gifted in the area due to the positive results that I have always received. In the first stage of intellectual and psychological support, I always encourage the clients to develop new attitudes about their life. On a scale of 1-10, I can comfortably achieve a score of 8 points in promoting intellectual growth. Finally, I always encoura

Sustainable Marketing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Sustainable Marketing - Assignment Example Based on marketing regulations it is illegal to market the products different from the advertised ones (Mitsui 1997, pp. 303). Cosmetics are basically substances meant to enhance the human body. Cosmetics are categorized as skin care, hair care, mouth care, coloring cosmetics and others mostly preserved for feminine hygiene (Barel 2014, pp. 519). This report seeks to explore some of the most pivotal issues that come with sustainable marketing. By being able to obtain necessary requirements in the sustainable marketing of cosmetics in the beauty industry, the supplies will be able to effectively respond to consumer demands. The issues to be addressed in this study are: the need for sustainability in beauty salons, how to overcome the identified sustainability challenges, marketing sustainability management, encouraging customers on sustainable consumption and the tactics to reach broad consumer base. Furthermore, this report will also critically analyze the sustainable marketing strategies set by the provider of cosmetics in beauty salons. The limiting factor of this study lies on the author dwelling on one area of sustainable marketing which in this case is beauty in salons within the sector of cosmetics. Another complication results on regulations. Given that every government has its distinct set of regulations. This therefore complicates the consumer as well as the marketer assumptions on the general perspective of sustainability. The author will therefore strive to reveal what marketers and businesses can do towards realization of sustainable marketing. In attempts to find out the need for sustainability we are going to find out how it relates to the beauty in salon industry. Many salon owners glance at the products they use and get discouraged right away (Jercha 2012, pp. 5). They are ever pooled back by the feeling that they can never keep

Aggregate Demand and Supply Models Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Aggregate Demand and Supply Models - Essay Example 65) explained that the aggregate demand is pertaining to the value or amount of money in which the business entrepreneurs are expected to receive out of selling their products and services whereas the aggregate supply is pertaining to the value or amount of money that the business entrepreneurs should receive from selling their products and services. It means that the aggregate demand and supply represents the aggregate expenditure and aggregate production cost respectively. Under the Keynesian model perspective, the aggregate demand is pertaining to the â€Å"aggregate demand expenditures† whereas the aggregate supply is pertaining to the â€Å"total value of the output† (Jain, 2007, p. 66). Specifically the recently reported decrease in the U.S. consumer income has a significant impact in the movements of the aggregate supply and demand. Since there is a significant decrease in the U.S. consumer income, the business entrepreneurs are more hesitant to put in more investment. For this reason, there is a strong tendency wherein the aggregate supply curve would decrease. This partly explains why the aggregate demand curve would also decrease. As a result, the unemployment rate in U.S. is currently high. demand. Under the Obama administration, part of the fiscal policies include the extending a portion of the government collected taxes to unemployment insurance and Medicaid. The problem with implementing such fiscal policies is that these type of economic stabilizers could only result to the increase of the federal spending while the government collected taxes continuous to decline (Lucking & Wilson, 2012). (See Figure I – Impact of Fiscal Policies on Federal, State, and Local Government Spending below) Under the Classical economic perspective, the market should be allowed to regulate on its own without the presence of government intervention. On the contrary, the Keynesian economic perspective strongly support the use of fiscal

Proposal Identification Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Proposal Identification - Essay Example The technique becomes effective for studying and describing interactional patterns within social networks, work relationships, and in assessing peers solicited in taking drugs. The choice for sociometry is due to its appropriateness for effective study of the question. One element that the research is going to consider is exploring the question is behavior of the subjects. Already, it is crucial to seek for consent of the participants and the counselors. So, it is not easy to apply other designs like ethnography and natural observation since the two can only be appropriate in cases where consent is unnecessary. In fact, seeking for client’s consent while to applying ethnography or natural observation is enough to compromise the purpose of a research (Stone-Romeo, 2011). Case history, archival research, and content analysis are irrelevant and inapplicable to the design of the study. The research will majorly apply interviews and observations to gather and record findings. This expression is to dispute any possibility of employing case history, content analysis, and archival research. From the analysis, sociometry becomes the automatic choice since it involves interaction with participants who have knowledge of the purpose of the research (Cillessen & Mayeux, 2004). As discussed by Bordens and Abbott (2014), sociometric study has to have participants evaluate one another along certain dimensions. Sociometry fulfills the purpose and planned design of the research that will have counselors and clients under treatment or treated from conduct disorders as the participants. As initially intended, counselors will help in evaluating the conducts of the clients studied to obtain understanding of the relationships in the outcomes between individual and family models of treating conduct disorders. While using the sociometric design of nonexperimental research, the researcher will consider using stratified and random sampling techniques. Stratified sampling technique

Henry V Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Henry V - Essay Example â€Å"Henry V† grossed 10 million dollars in the United States. Branagh was nominated for Oscar for Best Director and Best Actor in a Leading Role; Phyllis Dalton won the British Academy Award and Oscar for Best Costume Design. The soundtrack to the movie by Patrick Doyle is noteworthy; it is became known on its own. The film also received other awards such as European Film Awards and awards from the National Board of Review and the New York Film Critics Circle. The movie tells the story of the young King of England Henry V. He, being stirred by high church officials and advisors is contemplating to start a war with France on the ground of claims for the throne of France. At the time when the King is talked into the war, he is also insulted by the King of France. French think of Henry as of a young boy they have no reasons to be afraid of, so the Dauphine of France sends him tennis balls as a royal gift. King Henry seizes the opportunity for a war as a chance to change his ima ge and to live up to expectations of his people, so he leads his troops into battles against France. He has to deal with treason, lack of supply and exhaustion of his soldiers, their morale lowering. He is a good commander of his army, loved by his soldiers, firm and cruel with those, who break the law and noble in his interactions with French. He also has to face his own uncertainties and find strength in communion with God. The culmination of the war is the Battle of Agincourt, won by handful of English man compared to the large French army. Then, the treaty is signed between England and French, and King Henry woos princes Katherine into marriage. â€Å"Henry V† is considered to be one of the most historically accurate movies ever filmed. However, there are a few inconsistencies. The source of historical information for Shakespeare’s play was the â€Å"Chronicles† of English history written by Raphael Holinshed. But, to create a dramatic and intriguing story, authors had to take liberty and change some of the details, albeit, not significant. The events, portrayed in the movie, took place in 1415. The film presents accounts of only a portion of a long lasting unresolved conflict between France and England, known as the Hundred Years’ War. The beginnings, origins and causes of the dispute were very complex, but the reason for an open conflict was the argument over the rich and beautiful French territory of Gascony. According to the play and the movie, the immediate cause of the war was Henry’s claim to the French throne. However, the claim to the French throne was made earlier than that. The French king Philip VI made an unsuccessful attempt to retake Gascony, but the defeat of the Scottish uprising in the battle of Halidon Hill literally crossed out all his plans. Embarrassed and humiliated, he decided to eliminate all English influence from the territory of France. After scouting English settlements on the English Channel, he gathered enough courage to challenge English authority. In retaliation, King Edward claimed that he was de facto the legitimate heir to the throne of France. Phillip, of course, was furious by this proud claim and formally declared war to England. So Henry V was not the one who made the allegation to the French throne; he only continued the demand of his ancestor, Edward, which began the war in the first place. Also, the movie shows the two nations supposedly living in peace with

Personal Narrative and First-Hand Observation Essay Example for Free

Personal Narrative and First-Hand Observation Essay Personal Narrative and First-Hand Observation in a Narrative Life of Frederick Douglass, the Ballot or the Bullet, and Dance with the Devil By davidleny Personal narrative and first-hand observation are key components if an author wishes to be effective in his writing. Through the use of personal narrative and first- hand observation, the author is able to gain sympathy from or relate to the audience. Although it can be argued the use of these two components does not result in effective writing, it is proven to be true in Frederick Douglass A Narrative Life of Frederick Douglass, Malcolm Xs The Ballot or the Bullet, and Immortal Techniques Dance with the Devil. In A Narrative Life Of Frederick Douglass by Frederick Douglass, Frederick uses his personal life experience to demonstrate the inhumane brutality and mistreatment against the African American slaves. Douglass is effective in his writing and attracts the attention of the audience. For example, earlier in the narrative Frederick mentions how loving and caring his grandmother was and how she took care of and nurtured every slave child. Later on in the narrative he mentions that when his old masters die, his grandmother was isolated and taken away from her children to live alone in the woods in a mud chimney hut. Text 1) The use of Douglass personal experience with his grandmother captivates his audience because the African American enslaved community, whom this narrative at the time was directed towards, also had a grandmother who nurtured them. Likewise in The Ballot or The Bullet by Malcolm X, Malcolm discusses that even though people have differences, we all face the same problem. Malcolm expresses that whether you are Muslim, Baptist, or Methodist, we all are going to suffer the decisions of the man that is in charge of us. (Text 2) The audience is able to connect to his experience because e involved people of all religions. Malcolms experience allows the audience to become aware of what is to come and that they will all suffer the consequences. Malcolm is effective in his writing because he includes the rights of every human. The audience concerning their well being of is captivated and becomes aware of the situation. Furthermore in Dance with the Devil by Immortal Techniques, the artist reveals the truth that not everyone is good, that everyone has evil in them. The artists engagement of all races and of the welfare of the people gains the attention f the audience and is effective. For example, the artist says that the person right next to you could be the devil and that the devil consumes the hearts of the selfish and the wicked. (Text 3, Lines 1,2, and 5. ) His use of the devil as evil supports his belief that not everything is good. First-hand observation and personal narrative is required to have effective writing in order to grasp the attention of the audience. This is evident in Frederick Douglass A Narrative Life of Frederick Douglass, Malcolm Xs The Ballot or the Bullet, and Immortal Techniques Dance with the Devil.

Henri Fayol Essay Example for Free

Henri Fayol Essay Henri Fayol (Istanbul, 29 July 1841 – Paris, 19 November 1925) was a French mining engineer and director of mines who developed a general theory of business administration that is often called Fayolism.[1] He and his colleagues developed this theory independently ofscientific management but roughly contemporaneously. Like his contemporary, Frederick Winslow Taylor, he is widely acknowledged as a founder of modern management methods. Biography Fayol was born in 1841 in a suburb of Istanbul, Ottoman Empire. His father (an engineer) was appointed superintendent of works to build the Galata Bridge, which bridged theGolden Horn. [1] The family returned to France in 1847, where Fayol graduated from the mining academy Ecole Nationale Superieure des Mines in Saint-Etienne in 1860. In 1860 at the age of nineteen Fayol started the mining company named Compagnie de Commentry-Fourchambault-Decazeville in Commentry as the mining engineer. In 1888 he became managing director, when the mine company employed over 10,000 people, and held that position over 30 years until 1918. By 1900 the company was one of the largest producers of iron and steel in France and was regarded as a vital industry.[1] Based largely on his own management experience, he developed his concept of administration. In 1916 he published these experience in the book Administration Industrielle et Generale Publications[edit] Books, translated 1930. Industrial and General Administration. Translated by J.A. Coubrough, London: Sir Isaac Pitman Sons. 1949. General and Industrial Management. Translated by C. Storrs, Sir Isaac Pitman Sons, London. Articles, translated, a selection 1900. Henri Fayol addressed his colleagues in the mineral industry 23 June 1900. Translated by J.A. Coubrough. In: Fayol (1930) Industrial and General Administration. pp. 79–81 (Republished in: Wren, Bedeian Breeze, (2002) The foundations of Henri Fayol’s administrative theory) 1909. L’exposee des principles generaux d’administration. Translated by J.D Breeze. published in: Daniel A. Wren, Arthur G. Bedeian, John D. Breeze, (2002) The foundations of Henri Fayol’s administrative theory, Management Decision, Vol. 40 Iss: 9, pp. 906 – 918 1923. The administrative theory in the state. Translated by S. Greer. In: Gulick, L. and Urwick. L. Eds. (1937) Papers on the Science of Administration, Institute of Public Administration. New York.

Community Social Work In Modern Society Social Work Essay

Community Social Work In Modern Society Social Work Essay This study is an overview of current government proposals for the Big Society within community social work. In July 2010, Prime Minister David Cameron launched a project called the Big Society. It is considered by Mr Cameron that communities deserve to be empowered to have more of a say in what happens in their local area. The belief is that by doing this, many of the local services provided by the government can be taken over and run by community and voluntary groups, with Mr Cameron describing the project as a big advance for people power (www.bbc.co.uk/news, accessed: 30/10/2010). The theory base of community social work from a historical and modern perspective will be presented and evaluated. The study will provide a literature review of community projects in both neighbouring UK countries and Inner City London; examining their effectiveness in creating community empowerment to enable the possible resolution of social depravation. Particular attention will be paid to the differences that each geographical location possesses in terms of economy, culture and class diversity when considering each project and how this relates to its success. A maximum of four projects will be chosen to compare and evaluate and the study will conclude with lessons learnt for future social work in community work practice with the inclusion of messages from the Social Work Reform Board. The Big Society Debate However, Camerons notion of the Big Society has come under much criticism. The Guardians Jonathan Freedland has written a stinging attack on Mr Camerons proposals and his article posted What is Community Social Work? The idea behind community social work is the belief that peoples problems can be countered by liaising with the people within their social network. This may include friends and relatives, and neighbours. Social workers need to seek and reinforce such support networks for service users and aim to facilitate their growth where it has become apparent that such has lapsed. The work should be seen as both a protective and preventative strategy and is now considered to be the Par excellence of intervention strategy for promoting social inclusion. (Walker and Beckett, 2005, pg93). Therefore, community social work is effectively a method of promoting the social inclusion of individuals and their families by empowering them to seek and create the interventions they require. Walker and Beckett (2005) inform that social work is at the cutting edge of individuals, families or communities attempts to manage life challenges that have been influenced by both economic and social policy, welfare systems and the way they are made up internally. However, there are differing views on the concept of empowering people and using socially inclusive methods within social work. The first view is that the empowerment of service users may be considered to be self-evident if the worker sees the problems people are facing as products of the an unfair economic system that, Disenfranchises the weak, vulnerable, disabled or poor from equal participation and access to the resources produced by society. (Walker and Beckett, 2005, pg93). The aim of social work here would be to attempt to get service users involved and try to empower them to find a way of accessing the services that are available to them. Payne (1995) suggests of this issue that although public policy statements do aim to prove the value of community participation and user empowerment, community work may indeed, Draw attention to inequalities in service provision and in power which lie behind severe deprivation and therefore also become part of the struggles between people in powerless positions against the powerful. (Payne, 1995, pg165-166). The second view on the empowerment of service users is that it can give them (service users) an increased expectation of what can be available to them. It is believed that in this case, social workers may think that the correct thing to do would be to reduce the expectations of service users, forcing them to accept the situations they find themselves in and that they may become socially excluded just because that is the way it is. If this does become the case, social workers may fail to assist in the delivery of services that are available to service users, instead just seeking to help service users to manage with what they believe is available to them. Perhaps the best way to consider empowerment for service users is to use Trevithicks (2000) model of when practising social work you are either (a) doing things to service users, (b) doing things for social workers, or (c) doing things with service users. Community social work first came into being following critiques of community work after identifying that such was considered to be a completely different activity to that of social work. These critiques found that community workers and outreach workers were becoming marginalised from their colleagues within proper social work agencies. In order to prevent this from happening further, there was what was deemed a positive movement to embrace some of the principles and practices of community work within social work. Coulshed and Orme (1998) inform us that although independent community action has continued throughout history by being supported by dedicated community workers, policy developments that incorporated both the language of community and the work involved began to inform the actions of statutory social work as of the late 1970s. Despite this being the case, it is thought that such movements towards community care initiatives were not what social workers had necessarily thought to be correct. The above moves were initiated via the Seebohm Report (1968). An article by Eileen Munro said of the actions brought about by the report, The division between (varying) social work was seen as the problem, so social services departments were created to offer a joined-up service. (www.guardian.co.uk/society, accessed: 9/10/2010). These actions included the creation of social services departments that would have smaller administrative units with area teams serving their own geographical localities. It was believed that such would improve access to service provision for those placed within each locality and a wider sense of identification with the local area for social workers. Decisions could be made dependent on the person and their local need as opposed to the generic, centralised decisions that took place previously. Seebohms report also stated that each area-based organisation should change the relationship that social workers held within the relative catchment areas that the workers were operating. The report said of this that the departments should, Encourage, support and promote voluntary effort and engage in assisting and encouraging the development of community identity. (Seebohm, 1968, paragraph 477). Despite this change in the arrangements for which social services were delivered, Seebohms report did not properly address what it was community workers, or indeed social workers working with communities were actually supposed to be doing. Although the Seebohm report had considered the basic notions of community social working, the terms and principles of such were not defined fully until this was done by the Barclay Committee and published in a report in 1982. This definition was as follows: Community social work is, Formal social work which, starting from the problems affecting an individual or group and the responsibilities and resources of social services departments and voluntary organisations, seeks to tap into, support, enable and underpin the local networks of formal and informal relationships which constitute our basic definition of community, and also the strength of a clients communities of interest. (Barclay, 1982, p xvii). The emphasis on the role of the community within society continued following the Barclay Committees report and re-emerged towards the end of the 1980s. In more recent times, the Griffiths Report of 1998 looked at care in the community and was based around an aim of closer partnerships between statutory services and local communities as part of a larger welfare spectrum. The National Health Service and Community Care Act 1990 too pushed towards an emphasis on community work although Adams et al (1998) questions whether the theory was actually put into practice. Adams et al also speculate as to the difficulty that community social work continues to face as a result of continuing changes to social policy. In modern social work, it is considered by Beckett (2006) that it is beneficial to work with groups or families as opposed to working with individuals. Therefore it seems sensible that such an approach would naturally in some respects at least lead towards working within communities. Community social work is generally considered to be a similar activity to that of group work. This is because community work interventions usually involve the worker attempting to encourage the development of groups. However, community work is aimed more along the lines of self-help or social action in consideration of the group work spectrum. Community social work does not allow for the worker to do things for people, be that for individuals or indeed groups, but wishes to promote The development of organised activity by the community itself (Beckett, 2006, pg94) through either the self-creation of resources to meet its needs or even by joining forces to campaign against the authorities for not provid ing the necessary facilities. Henderson (2000, pg72) says of such an approach that At the core of the methods and skills is the idea of organising: helping people to come together to form an autonomous group. The above shows that in this context, the community worker is considered to be something of an enabler rather than the fixer within community projects. Despite this, it is also believed that community workers although being employed by the state and therefore still considered as an outsider within the community with which they are working take on a degree of benevolent paternalism as opposed to developing the necessary collective community action. Popple (1994, pg24) says of this, Historically community work has developed from two distinct roots: benevolent paternalism and collective community action. With the above in mind it is important to remember that the term community is still rather vague. It is borne from the notion that a complete neighbourhood can function as its own entity as opposed to acknowledging that neighbourhoods consist of many differing communities. Individual interest, ethnic communities, geography, familial extensions and workplaces all form part of communities, yet will often extend far beyond the neighbourhood in which they are formed. Community social work is according to Smale et al About the processes the workers engage in, the relationships they make and how they maintain and change them. adding These processes generate the specific aims and objectives of the workers and those they share the work with. (1988, pg23). The most important things that must be recognised by any community worker is the type of community that they are working with or indeed the type of community that they are assisting to help build. Evaluating Community Projects The Study So Far Conclusion

Is The Highrise Residential Building Suitable Socially?

Is The Highrise Residential Building Suitable Socially? The high rise allows one to house huge numbers of people in single edifices, allowing one to treat town-planning on a large-scale. (Aregger Glaus, 1967, 27). The highrise is a means of organizing the shambles of a huge city without increasing its spread, of improving living conditions and traffic flow, and creating open spaces for recreation at the same time. (Aregger Glaus, 1967, 33). Moreover, as suggested by writers such as Dewi Cooke, urban sociability can be promoted by high-rise housing since it encourages meetings with neighbours through the sharing of mutual facilities. (Cooke, 2012). The residential high-rise building, offers acceptable and suitable accommodation for a certain part of the population: single people, couples and the smaller families. A highrise building is also capable of transforming an older, but well-preserved district into a visual slum. As a result of its height and mass, it tends to overpower its surrounding not only by its size, but all the other aspects of its appearance. (Aregger Glaus, 1967, p.57). As Earnest F. Burckhardt states due to the height of a high rise, people are relegated to an ant-like existence. The highrise apparently seem less worth fulfilling, and somewhat satanic. Other negative features of this massing include architectural monotony, aggressive exhibitionism vs. traditional horizontal housing that would merge into the landscape. Small towns, in particular, lose a certain ambience of intimacy and modesty. Highrise blocks have something loud and aggressive about them. (Aregger Glaus, 1967, 58). The high rise is capable of causing tenant isolation and even depression. (Qureshi, 2004). 1.2.1. History and motive The motive of designing a high rise lies in the tendency to rise above the self, it is a fundamental human urge. Building into the sky satisfies a primeval instinct. Acted-out collectively, it signifies the desire to dominate. (Earnest F. Burckhardt, Observations on the question of highrise building). The three most common reasons for building these ostentatious high buildings are known to be: architectural emphasis of a certain place in the city, social distinction of individual, group of nation and demonstration of an abstract or concrete power, which can be summed up to be artistic aesthetic motive, sociological motive and religious motive respectively. (AreggerGlaus, 1967, 14). In the west architects were interested in neither giving distinction to individuals or groups, nor in demonstrating any power, but simply wanted to create a vertical spatial element which would effectively articulate and punctuate the historical mass of banal housing that was rapidly spreading around large cities (AreggerGlaus, 1967, 15). Furthermore, the originators of European high-rise building, particularly the residential type, had social motives in mind. Starting with the theory that architectural environment influences mans way of life, they hoped, by means of differentiated, accentuated building, to promote the re-emergence or strengthening of human values and individuality instated of the growing tendency towards collective behaviour. They were successful. (AreggerGlaus, 1967, 15). And in the contemporary period, the constant and increasing growth of todays major cities results in an ever-growing demand of the high rise building, as is the case in New Delhi, India. 1.3 Massing horizontal cities and vertical cities 1.3.1. issues related to cities (Jaipur) based on horizontal massing The traditional cities of India can be studied to understand planned horizontal massed cities. Common problems can be delineated to understand the negative features related to this type of massing in the contemporary world, as described by the Housing and Development Corportation, with particular reference to Rajasthan. Poor infrastructure is found in most of the towns: katcha houses and non-availability of water, sanitation and basic services to bulk of the rural population (23.1) These areas have no planned drainage systems, management of increasing solid waste is thus becoming an issue in such cities.The restricted areas for defecation, open sewers, lack of clean drinking water, infestation by flies, rats and mosquitoes, cramped living, cooking and sleeping quarters and the exposure to industrial and chemical wastes, all make the basti a risky place to live in. The basti was also a major rubbish sorting depot (outsiders called it the kachraor rubbish basti) which makes it all the more hazardous, especially for young children. (Kumar, McNay. Castaldo, 2008, p.11) Many traffic accidents are caused due to unsystematic and mushroom growth of such centres. There are no regular parking areas for trucks which remain parked within the right of the way of the highways. This invariably creates traffic bottlenecks hampering smooth flow of fast highway traffic. (23.7) Maintenance of built heritage is another problem being faced by such cities. Furthermore, due to migration of people from rural areas there is tremendous pressure on limited urban land and on already strained services. Land cost is escalating every year. Living in cities is thus becoming costlier by the day. At the same time quality of life is deteriorating. Due to the increase in population, ground water resources are depleting. On the other hand, due to migration of village youth to the cities, the village economy is getting adversely affected. Most affected villages are those located near the large cities and valuable agricultural lands are being converted in the name of city development. (23.6) Slums are an inevitable by product of urbanization. The growth of slums is a sign of peoples inability to afford land and shelter through the normal market mechanism and the failure of the public sector to ensure equitable access of the same to the poor. Slum housing lacks in term of tenure, structure access to services are which is deprived of civic amenities. These unauthorized colonies are further problematic since they are set up on agricultural land. 1.3.2. issues related to cities based on vertical massing In the city of Melbourne, with the presence of the heritage buildings and the high rise, from the 71st floor of Melbournes tallest building, the Eureka Tower, Melbournes centre looks small and uneven. The low-rise heritage buildings contrast markedly with the glass and concrete towers that have sprung up in between. Still, theres that view stretching far out to the north and west of the city and curving around the beaches past St Kilda. The vista from the Eureka Tower is vast and beautiful. (Cooke, 2010). Another example is that of Pruitt-Igoe in St. Louis; built as part of the post-war regeneration, it was completed in 1956 but was demolished just fourteen years later after being beset by disrepair, vandalism and crime. For families with children, the high-rise complex did not offer them respite from poverty or crime, but merely gathered the ingredients for it together in one place. In many cases, the high-rise ideal is progressively changed from a citadel of modernism to that of a problem estate, a place of poverty, of aliens and illegal immigrants, petty crime, unemployment, with a high incidence of truancy and drug abuse (Helleman and Wassenberg, 2004, p.6). Against such negativism, it is no surprise that the resultant response was to halt high-rise public housing construction, and even demolition. 1.4 Housing and factors which affect it India is a country where thousands of people migrate to the city for reasons such as social mobility, job opportunities etc. When the architect designs housing factors such as regional identity, culture and traditions are not a priority of the designer. The architect designs to meet the demands of the city. In doing so, the architect controls the societys mode of living in accordance to what he thinks is right. Patterns of housing have constantly changed to accommodate the pressures of land, materials, bye-laws, architectural styles and social cultural values. Human relationships and the associated cultural images are expressed by the built form of various levels, at neighbourhood level by the settlement, at community level by cluster of houses, and at the family level by the house unit. Housing forms a large part of our environment, where physical and infrastructural facilities are shared amongst people. The way housing is built reflects the understanding and attitudes of society with respect to the climate, culture, architecture and the economy. (Ritu. 1992. p. 10). The prevailing socio-economic order has the final say in the layout and building of housing. The effect of recognizing this meant a real breakthrough in the theory and practice of town-planning. Until then, town-planning had been in conflict with a society that apparently refused to understand its purpose and thereby made the realization of it impossible. (Aregger Glaus, 1967, p.23). The town planners and architects gradually began to see the necessity of coming to terms with society if they were to build cities. 1.5 Housing and present situation in Delhi and NCR The overall shortage in EWS and LIG housing in India has been estimated at close to 25 million dwelling units by Micro Housing Finance Corporation. With rapid urbanization and increasing labour mobility arising due to the shift from the agrarian economy to the industrialised and service economy emerging in India, this shortfall of residential accommodation is increasing rapidly. With five people to a dwelling unit, the minimum living space required per dwelling unit is about 300 sq ft, which means that approximately 7,500 million sq ft needs to be built. At a conservative cost of Rs 1,000 per sq ft in urban India where most of the demand exists, the overall investment requirement is a staggering Rs 750,000 cr. (Menon, 2009, p.1). 1.6 Social scenario in urban India with respect to housing With the growth and development of science, technology, trade and commerce there has also been an enormous explosion of human population in modern Indian society. Such a high growth in population in relation to the changes in the life styles of human beings have turned people to be city oriented and agriculture which was previously the main engagement of people has gradually given way to occupations in the fields of industry, trade and commerce. All these factors have made a large section of the populace rushing to the cities creating thereby tremendous and unmanageable space problems. Dwelling space getting scarcer, there is little possibility for horizontal expansion in the cities to facilitate accommodation of such perennial flow of people. As remedial measures, a two-fold planning has been contemplated and is being acted upon. The first way out has been the expansion of city limits and inclusion of the contiguous suburbs within the ambits of the cities. The other remedial measure has been the vertical expansion of the available spaces providing maximum possible accommodation to as many numbers of people as possible through the construction of high rise buildings. In the developed countries of the world like the United States, Canada, The United Kingdom, France, Germany, China , Japan and others construction of high rise buildings started from the early twentieth century while in a developing country like India it began in the later half of that century. (Chatterjee, 2009. p.85). Through further research and study it shall be explored whether India is a suitable place for the growth of highrise buildings, also known as skyscrapers. The highrise shall be studied in the context of housing. It is known that the demand of housing has been escalating in the nation with the increase in urbanization, increase in population and many other factors. It shall be explored if a transition or transformation from horizontal based traditional housing to vertical high rise residential buildings is actually required in the present time. Furthermore, the dissertation would be a critique and analysis, considering the negative and positive perspectives of this transition in residential massing and its effects on the society. The social suitability of the highrise residential building in Delhi and the NCR shall thus be analyzed. Need of the study The study is required to create awareness of the consequences of designing vertically. This awareness would be of pertinence, especially today, because constructing high rise residential buildings is the current trend of the city of Delhi. The knowledge of the issues would help a designer to design. The study would also help individuals residing in a high rise by providing options to deal with problems, if any, which may occur due to a high rise. In other words, firstly the difficulties one faces while residing in a vertical massing will have to be recognized. Then these features can be addressed architecturally. Similarly, the positive aspects of living in a high rise will be delineated. Scope of study 1. The traditional horizontal massing and the approach of vertical massing its general positive and negative features with respect to any existing cities The specific type of massing in study will be housing The height of a building can be analysed with respect to social aspects. Relationships between the two can be figured out, if any exist. The particular context chosen for analysis is the area of my current residence, the capital city of India, Delhi. Since this is a place which can be physically experienced and observed firsthand. Identification of case studies The housing societies where a survey shall be conducted are: Low rise housing four storey building Sector B-10, Vasant Kunj Med rise housing ten storey building Eligibal CGHS plot no 38, Sector 10, Dwarka High rise housing twenty storey building Gurgaon Limitations of study The analysis, to some extent, is based on the analysis of other writers, architects, sociologists etc, since a significant amount of firsthand experience is not available. In order to analyze human response to a high rise residential building and to understand its effect on the society one should talk to people. But due to the time available this cannot be done extensively, but at a small scale. Consequently, interviews, questionnaires and surveys would be followed by shortcomings such as: Sample size: analysis will have to be based on a sample population, which may or may not reflect the social effects of the high rise of the entire region of Delhi accurately People: a number of subdivisions exist within the sample size, which have to be studies separately, such as male, female, children, the elderly, age groups, generations, classes within the society e.g socio-economic strata etc. Area, location: particular areas are chosen according to accessibility Biases, cultural preferences and many other issues may arise General trends: The subject of study, human response to a high rise is subjective in manner. Conclusions or analysis can be drawn by general trends observed only. Results: These results may or may not be representative of the entire population in study. The highrise residential buildings have been a part of other parts of the world for a longer period of time than Delhi. Consequently, the majority of the literature available or critique of the highrise is from a context different from the context in study. When considering the situations abroad, some arguments may or may not apply to Delhi for reasons such as cultural preferences, lifestyles and differences in social-economic strata. Research Methodology Find attached flowchart and Questionnaire The prepared questionnaire will be carried out in the three housing societies. A minimum number of fifteen people will be interviewed, five people within each age group i.e. 60. 2. Highrise living 2.1 Human response to tall buildings High rises have been accused of causing many unpleasant outcomes, including fear, dissatisfaction, stress, behavior problems, suicide, poor social relations, reduced helpfulness, and hindered child development. Early studies and reviews concluded that high-rises are, on balance, not bene ¬Ã‚ cial for residents. At the societal level, they are accused of burdening existing services and infrastructure, worsening tra ¬Ã†â€™c problems, and damaging the character of neighbourhoods (Gifford, 2007. p.2). 2.2 Social implications of built form analysis of different types of spaces The design of urban developments, including high-rise buildings, can influence the social capital and sense of social connectedness amongst residents. For instance, Leyden in 2003 completed a study on the relationship between urban design and social capital and found that residents who lived in mixed-use developments with opportunities for walking rather than driving as a mode of transport, had a higher level of social capital and social cohesion than those who lived in developments lacking these features. (Wilson, 2008, p. 6). Social relations may be divided into two main domains, relationships within a dwelling and relationships among neighbours in the building. One review concluded that high-rise residents have poor social relationships, both among themselves and toward outsiders (Korte Huismans, 1983). In one within-dwelling study in a building in which residences were equal in floor area and supplied furniture, roommates on higher floors got along with one another better than roommates on lower floors (Schiffenbauer, 1979). However, as reported earlier, Edwards, Booth, and Edwards (1982) concluded that high rises are associated with greater marital discord than low rises. (quoted in Gifford, 2007, p. 9). An examination of friendship patterns within a high rise showed that proximity is a major determinant of social interaction (Bochner, Duncan, Kennedy Orr, 1976). Experience suggests that most social interaction occurs among residents of the same floor; if this is so, then buildings with many floors will include a few friends and acquaintances for the typical resident, and many strangers from other floors. Ginsberg Churchman, in an Israeli study of women who lived in 8- and 20-storey buildings found that 97 % knew at least someone on their own floor, and 67 % knew everyone on their floor; in contrast, 36 % knew over 30 % of all people living in their building (1985). Most women did interact with neighbours, yet reported no problems with privacy. In a large-scale study in Toronto, Michelson found that high-rise apartment dwellers tended to choose friends outside the building, from school or work (1977). These residents viewed their neighbours negatively and as dissimilar to themselve s, except that they were approximate financial equals. In Hong Kong, a high-rise, high-density city, interview results suggest that the overall sense of residential community is low and that where respondents had a very strong sense of neighbourhood, their interactions were often work- or school-based, with colleagues or schoolmates living in the same area (Forrest, La Grange Ngai-Ming, 2002). (quoted in Gifford, 2007, p. 9). Studies that compare housing forms suggest that high-rise dwellers may have more respondents reported knowing about twice as many families as those in low rises (Williamson, 1978). However, knowing more neighbours did not translate to close relations; the German high-rise residents reported less visiting and borrowing among their neighbours, and that their closest friends were more likely to be colleagues at work than neighbours. Both the German and Italian respondents said that they would like to have more friends among their neighbours, and that they believed they would have more friends if they lived in a smaller building. Outdoor socializing was examined in a study of three housing types in a low-income neighborhood: an old ghetto neighbourhood of low-rise tenement houses, a traditional high-rise housing project and an innovative high-rise housing project, where a creative outdoor design had been added to encourage outdoor use (Holahan, 1976). The old neighborhood and the innovat ive project showed higher levels of outdoor socializing than did the traditional project, which suggests that high-rises will discourage social interaction in their vicinity but that this can be overcome by setting aside an area designed to encourage social interaction. Nature also seems to facilitate social interaction. Researchers observed the presence and location of trees and the presence and location of youth and adults near a high-rise and a low-rise public housing development (Coley, Kuo Sullivan, 1997). Spaces with trees attracted larger and more mixed groups of people than did spaces without natural elements. High-rise residents may have more acquaintances but fewer friends because residents of high rises simply encounter a larger number of people in their building than residents of low rises (Churchman Ginsberg, 1984). More of these people are strangers, too, but one gets to know some of the strangers, over time, at least superficially. Consistent with the notion that lower levels are associated with more friendships, garden apartment residents reported having three times as many friends in the building as did high-rise residents (Boyd, Morris Peel, 1965). Similar results were reported in another study: three-quarters of low-rise residents reported they had made good friendships within their project, but only half of the residents of a high rise could make the same claim (Stevenson, Martin ONeil, 1967). Friendship formation depends on multiple factors, however, differences between the low- and high-rises in the friendship-related attitudes can be found. High-rises were experienced as lower in involvement, support, order and organization, but higher on independence. (Gifford, 2007, p. 10). Research is unanimous in the finding that rates of helping others are lower in high-rise buildings. The nature of most high rises supports anonymity and depersonalization of ones neighbours, so that living in a high rise tends to have both the advantages, such as greater privacy and freedom from unwanted social interaction and disadvantages, less intimate social interaction and less caring about anonymous others as large cities. (Gifford, 2007, p. 12). The gist of the evidence about social relations is that residents of high rises encounter many more other residents, know of or about more others, but have fewer friendships in the building, per capita, than residents of low rises. Social interaction is more difficult for residents to regulate. This can lead to withdrawal, which can lead to loss of community and social support. The structure of high rises usually is such that one is not likely to meet residents of other floors except in elevators and lobbies, which are barely more personal than the street. Thus, one lives physically close to many others, but in practice is limited to those on ones floor for the sort of encounters that might lead to friendship, such as borrowing food or talking while children play. Male-female differences may moderate friendship formation in high versus low rises. (quoted in Gifford, 2007, p. 12) 2.3 The impact of high rise housing on neighbourhood livability Residents of public high-rise housing estates are likely to perceive different aspects of their housing and neighbourhood in different ways, dependent on their sense of belonging. Some residents may explain stigma in reference to the irresponsible behaviour of fellow residents (Hastings, 2004). Others may not feel connected to their neighbourhood and may not use community facilities (Hastings, 2004). Forrest and Kearns (2001) suggested that communication between residents shapes the image of their neighbourhood and stated: neighbourhoods seem to acquire their identity through an on-going commentary between themselves and this continuous dialogue between different groups and agencies shapes the cognitive map of the city and establishes good and bad reputations (p.2135) (quoted in Wilson, 2008, p. 5). However, the social connectedness of urban high-rise developments may influence residential satisfaction. Halpern (1995) suggested that if people are in frequent contact with their neighbours, then the objective quality of their house makes little difference to their level of residential satisfaction. On the other hand, Halpern (1995) asserted that if people are not in frequent contact with their neighbours then consequently, the objective quality of their house has a large impact on their satisfaction. In other words, residents who are involved in their local community tend to be happy with where they live regardless of the physical quality of their homes (Halpern, 1995, p.113). (quoted in Wilson, 2008, p. 6). Baum and Palmer (2002) found, from their study of residents perceptions of the influence of place on levels of social capital, that there exists a direct link between urban infrastructure and social capital. These authors concluded that higher levels of social capital are likely to occur in neighbourhoods where residents have a positive image of their environment and where their environments are green with open spaces Additionally, natural features and open spaces were found to facilitate a sense of community in new urbanist communities. (quoted in Wilson, 2008, p. 6). As well as green spaces contributing to urban neighbourhoods social connectedness, pets have been found to facilitate social capital too. A study completed by Wood, Giles-Corti and Bulsara (2005) investigated the role that pets can play in promoting social capital, by surveying a random sample of 339 Australian residents. These authors found that pets promote opportunities for their owners to have social contact with other pet owners, neighbours and members of their community. Furthermore, pets were found to motivate owners to participate in community events and to make use of community facilities (Wood, 2005). (quoted in Wilson, 2008, p. 7). 2.4 The family in highrise housing 2.5 Children in highrise housing Innumerable studies suggest that children have problems in high-rises. It is known forfamilies with small children, the evidence demonstrates that high-rise living is an unsuitable form of accommodation (Conway Adams, 1977, p. 595.) Another study concludes that high-rise housing does not provide an appropriate living environment for preschool or school-age children because too few of the attributes of a single-family house have been accounted for (Cooper Marcus Hogue, 1976, p. 34. This has not seemed to change with time. Children under 8 are usually not allowed to go downstairs by themselves, and if they were allowed to go down, parents found it difficult to supervise their play. The problems range from fundamental child development issues to everyday activities such as play. For example, a Japanese investigation (Oda, Taniguchi, Wen Higurashi, 1989) concluded that the development of infants raised above the fifth floor in high-rise buildings is delayed, compared to those raised below the fifth floor. The development of numerous skills, such as dressing, helping and appropriate urination was slower. Children who live on higher floors also go outside to play less often (Nitta, 1980, in Oda et al., 1989). A study in India recognized that childrens difficulties are not solely a function of living in high rises (Oke, Khattar, Pant Saraswathi, 1999). Learning to read may be affected by the floor level on which children live (Cohen, Glass Singer, 1973). The researchers measured sound levels, ability to discriminate auditory stimuli, and reading skills in children who lived in high rises built above a major highway in New York. Children in lower-level apartments, Gifford 10 discriminate sounds and had poorer reading skills, than children who lived in higher floors. Apparently, where traffic noise is a considerable factor, high rises may be good for children who live higher up in high rises. Childrens play clearly is affected, as parents in high rises either keep their children indoors more often, which means close protection or over-protection in an indoor environment, or allow them outside, many floors away, which can result in under supervision. One outcome is that children in high rises, on balance, spend more time playing alone and in restricted play (Gittus, 1976). Perhaps this is why there is evidence that high-rise raised children have lower levels of motor ability than children reared in single-family dwellings (Crawford Virgin, 1971; cited in Michelson, 1977). (quoted in Gifford, 2007, p. 11). 2.6 The elderly in highrise housing A study by Kweon, Sullivan and Wiley (1998) found that elderly public highrise housing residents sense of community was stronger when they spent time in outdoor green common spaces, areas with trees and grass. (quoted in Wilson, 2008, p. 6). Welfare and the types of living arrangement for the elderly are also gaining wider attention. The aged should be supported by their families, the government and the community, to live and be integrated into the mainstream community for as long as possible (National Council of Social Services, 1996). Hence, planning and designing of housing with essential supporting services should be carried out for this group of people who are more at risk and deserving of care and consideration. 2.7 Secondary studies done on residential responses on high rise living 3. Primary study Case studies done in Delhi and NCR 3.1 Methodology A questionnaire based survey is conducted in housing societies of varying heights (sample questionnaire attached). The questionnaire aims to find social implications with respect to heights of residential buildings. The same number of people are surveyed in all the case studies i.e 15 people, further divided equally in the age groups: teenager, adult and elderly. Data is further analysed to understand the topic in study. 3.2 Selection criteria of case studies Distinct variation in height (4 storey, 10 storey, 20 storey) Within Delhi or NCR 3.3 Data collection through Questionnaire 3.3.1. Low rise housing, Vasant Kunj Not done yet 3.3.2. Med rise housing, Dwarka Elligible Co-operative Group Housing society (10 storey building) Address: Plot no 38, Sector 10, Dwarka 3.3.3. High rise housing, Gurgaon Not done yet 4. Analysis of Data 5. Findings According to the case study done in Dwarka, a pattern can be observed between the liking of a particular type of housing i.e low, medium, high and the generation. It is found that teenagers, todays generation prefer the highrise. Adults prefer medium rise housing walk ups. While the elderly prefer the bungalow system, the idea where one can say this particular piece of land is the property of my family and me. A highrise, however, stresses on community land or space, then the unit or apartment becomes the property of the individual owner. The finding exemplifies how one becomes accustomed to particular conditions during their years of development and seems to become their preferred style of living. It is also found that there are a number of spaces where people interact such as the community hall, gym, badminton court, children play area, the road which runs along the periphery of the society which acts a Theories of Demand for Audit: An Analysis Theories of Demand for Audit: An Analysis Audit refers to an examination of the financial reports of a firm by an independent entity. The separation of business ownership and management in modern society has created a need for accountability; causing the role of audit to change as the needs of stakeholders change. Audit, in itself, caters to the relationship of accountability; independent from other parts of the firm to provide a true and fair view of the financial reports of an organisation. Whereas, the value relevance refers to the auditors ability and responsibility to provide reasonable assurance that financial statements are free of material misstatement, either due to fraud or error; or both. Audit theories provide a framework for auditing, uncovers the laws that govern the audit process and the relationship between different parties of a firm, forming the basis of the role of audit. Mautz and Sharaf expressed that concepts provide a basis for advancement in the field of knowledge by facilitating communication about it and its problems. There are many theories which may explain demand for audit services in modern societies. These include, but are not limited to; The policeman theory The credibility theory The theory of inspired confidence The agency theory The policeman theory asserts that the auditor is responsible for searching, discovering and preventing any fraudulent activity. However, the role of auditors is to provide reasonable assurance and an independent, true and fair view of the financial statements. Although, there has been more pressure on auditors to detect fraud after recent reporting scandals e.g. Enron. It can be argued that in modern societies, the users of statements want auditors to be responsible for fraud detection as they use audit reports to analyse and make decisions. However, auditors are not responsible for finding all fraud but should improve their detection rate to instil public confidence. ISA (UK and Ireland) 240 states that the primary responsibility of fraud prevention and detection rests with the management and the governance of an organisation; it is also important that more emphasis is placed on prevention of fraud. However, the auditor also has a duty of care to the end users of audit reports and s hould consider risks of material misstatements due to fraud when calculating audit risk. The credibility theory suggests that adding credibility to financial statements is an integral part of auditing, making it a fundamental service auditors provide to clients. Audited financial statements boost users confidence in an organisations financial records and managements stewardship; in turn, improving their decision quality such as, investment or new contracts, based on reliable information. This is because stakeholders need to have faith in the financial statements. The credibility gained by financial statements would affect decisions by stakeholders (e.g. Credit limits provided by suppliers) and also helps shareholders put trust in management; reducing the information asymmetry between stakeholders and management. However, Porter (1990) concluded, that audited information does not form the primary basis for investors investment decisions, but in my opinion audit reports may still play a part; albeit small, in investment decisions. The theory of inspired confidence focuses on both the demand and supply of audit services. The relationship of accountability is realised with financial statements; however, as outside parties cannot monitor any material misstatement or bias in financial reports, the demand for an independent reliable audit arises. The supply of audit services should satisfy the public confidence that arises from the audit and fulfil community expectations, as the general function of audit is derived from the need for independent examination and an expert opinion based on findings; due to the confidence society places in an independent auditors opinion. It can be assumed that if society lost confidence in audit opinion, the social usefulness of audit would cease; as audit delivers benefits to the users of financial statements. However, as Limperg argues an auditor should try to meet the expectations of a rational outsider but not create higher expectations from his audit report than is justifiable by his examination of audit evidence. As Limperg states The theory expects from the accountant that in each special case he ascertains what expectations he arouses; that he realizes the tenor of the confidence that he inspires with the fulfillment of each specific function (Limperg Institute, 1985, 19). The auditor should maintain appropriate business practices to maintain his independence from the firm being audited, in order to satisfy his obligation to examine business practices and provide a credible opinion on the financial statements. The agency theory emphasises that audit services are employed in both the interests of third parties and management. An agency relationship exists between the agent (management) and principals (shareholders, employees, banks etc.); where the authority of decision-making is delegated to the agent. If both principals and agents want to maximise utility, the agent may not always act in the best interests of the principal as their interests may differ e.g. shareholders may want to maximise share value, management may be interested in company growth. Hence, agency theory focuses on the costs and benefits of an agent-principal relationship. Costs that arise due to the decision-making authority given to agents, in modern companies due to separation of ownership and control are agency costs, agency costs are the sum of the monitoring expense by the principal, the bonding expense of the agent and the residual loss. A beneficial agency cost would maximise shareholder value and an unwanted agency cost would arise due to conflict of interest between shareholders and managers. Analysis of agency costs give an indication of how well an agent is discharging his responsibilities towards the principal, enabling the principal to observe and introduce controls to reduce any conflict of interest. As an organisation has many contracts, several parties (e.g. suppliers, employees etc.) which add value to the company for a given price, for their own personal interests; it is the agents responsibility to optimise the contracts to maximise the value of the organisation. An audit is a monitoring mechanism for principals to gain an independent and reliable opinion on the financial statements provided by the agent, reinforcing accountability and maintaining confidence and trust in the organisation. Agency theory is the most widely used audit theory. These theories demonstrate the need of accountability in modern society and the role of audit in providing reasonable assurance and unbiased opinion to users of financial statements, about an organisation. Stakeholders place trust in auditors due to the credibility of audit; lenders, suppliers and employees may want reasonable assurance on the accounts of an organisation before any business contracts are established. Shareholders want an independent opinion on the running of the organisation and how the management is executing its stewardship, they also require a true and fair view of financial statements to analyse their investment in the organisation and to gain confidence in the management and in turn, the organisation. Societal expectations from auditors may exceed the capability of audit creating an audit expectation gap, where users of financial statements expect an auditor to detect all material fraud; due to their legal access to company records and right to gain explanation from employees for the purpose of audit. ISA 200 also emphasises that due to the limitations of an audit, there is an unavoidable risk that some material misstatements will not be detected, even when the audit is done in accordance with the ISAs (UK and Ireland). Hence, while auditors discharge their duties, they should educate the public about the inherent limitations of audit and their role in financial reporting. It should be understood that auditors too rely on the management to gain information about the activities of an organisation. Imparting that the audit is based on calculated audit risk which would have been reduced to an acceptable level however, it is not possible to provide an audit opinion without any audit r isk present. Audit theory has evolved over time as needs of society changed, so did audit techniques resulting in a change of auditor function. A considerable investment into the development of auditing theory is justified as it will help us address audit deficiencies with a more tailored approach towards the complex needs of modern society, with the fast-paced trading of stocks and extensive contracts of organisations. Auditors are placed in a position of trust to provide an independent and unbiased opinion on financial statements. Extensive research in developing audit theory might help auditors to discharge their duty with more competence and may reduce audit risk substantially. However, it can be argued that the expectation gap should be filled by means of education in order to enable stakeholders and third parties to interpret and analyse audit reports correctly, with rational expectations from the auditors. Also, to help them make informed decisions based on audit reports, fulfilling the pu rpose of the audit.